European Pathology and Infectious Disease Conference November 26-27, 2018 Helsinki, Finland

In order to work out the cause or the character of sickness, Cytopathology, a diagnostic technique is being employed that examine cells from varied body sites. Pap test was the primary cytopathology test developed that has been wide utilized within the last fifty years for identification and screening of cervical cancer and its precursors. The Pap test is taken into account the foremost economical screening test in medical history. Histopathology is that the study of morbid tissue, as an example, breast lumps or specimens of gut removed from suspected cancer, as well as examination under the microscope. Histopathologists inspect tissues removed from patients within the clinic or throughout an operation. They use a spread of scientific ways to get if a sickness is present and what course of action has to be taken. The tissue is 1st examined with the eye to appear for any visible abnormalities and to pick out items to look at in additional detail. Immunopathology is the branch of medicine that deals with immune responses related to sickness. It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or sickness with relevancy to the immune system, immunity, and immune responses.

Microbial Forensics could be a discipline that goes to try to do truthful play to the criminals and terrorists who use biological material to cause harm. The ineligible use of biological agents causes tidy hurt to the people, public health, surroundings, the economies and world peace. Due to these harms and causes, making awareness of capacity in microbial forensics will facilitate us to create perceive that what might have eventuated throughout a bio-threat event, and international collaborations that capture the broader scientific and social control communities area unit probable to fortify the microbial forensic capabilities. Forensic pathologists, or medical experts, are specially trained physicians who examine the bodies of individuals died suddenly, unexpectedly or violently. The forensic specialist is accountable for decisive the cause and manner of death

Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline. It is multi-disciplinary in nature and focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of disease. Molecular pathology is commonly used in diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases. Techniques are numerous but include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), multiplex PCR, DNA microarray, in situ hybridization, in situ RNA sequencing, DNA sequencing, antibody based immunofluorescence tissue assays, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for antimicrobial resistance.

Hematopathology is the study of diseases and disorders influencing blood cells, their production, and any organs and tissues concerned in hematopoiesis, like bone marrow, the spleen, and thymus. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases like leukaemia and lymphoma typically handle hematopathology; techniques and technologies embody flow cytometry studies and immunohistochemistry. The Hematopathology (HP) Section consists of a various cluster of hematopathologists with varied interests. All of the hematopathologists offer diagnostic analysis of tissue and fluids. Diagnostic material includes bone-marrow biopsies and aspirates, lymph-node biopsies, body fluids, peripheral blood smears, and tissue resections from varied CUMC units. Morphologic analysis and every necessary supportive studies, together with assay, flow cytometry, cytogenetic analysis, and next-generation sequencing (whole exome and targeted panels), are performed in progressive laboratories.

Surgical pathology is that the most vital and long-time area of practice for many anatomical pathologists. Surgical pathology involves gross and microscopic examination of surgical specimens, furthermore as biopsies submitted by surgeons and non-surgeons like general internists, medical subspecialists, dermatologists, and interventional radiologists. The practice of surgical pathology permits for definitive diagnosis of illness in any case wherever tissue is surgically removed from a patient. This is often typically performed by a mix of gross (i.e., macroscopic) and histological (i.e., microscopic) examination of the tissue, and will involve evaluations of molecular properties of the tissue by assay or alternative laboratory tests.

Pulmonary pathology includes a large spectrum of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases that affect the lung. Many of these are a result of the unusual relationship of the lung with the outside world. Every breath that a human takes brings the outside world into the body in the form of infectious agents, organic and inorganic particles, and noxious agents of all types. Pulmonary pathology reported in association with primary biliary cirrhosis includes lymphocytic bronchitis and bronchiolitis, OP, and chronic interstitial pneumonia, including LIP. Rare reports have also appeared describing pulmonary haemorrhage and glomerulonephritis, or microscopic polyangiitis, in individuals with primary biliary cirrhosis.

The neurological infections are the disorders of the central nervous system. Examples of neurological disorders are Paralysis, Muscle weakness, Pain, Altered level of consciousness etc. The main causes of neurological problems alter, but can cover genetic disorders, congenital abnormalities, infections or environmental health. Neuropathology is the study of disease of nervous system tissue, usually in the form of either small surgical biopsies or whole-body autopsies. Neuropathologists usually work in a department of anatomic pathology, but work closely with the clinical disciplines of neurology, and neurosurgery, which often depend on neuropathology for a diagnosis. Neuropathology also relates to forensic pathology because brain disease or brain injury can be related to cause of death. Neuropathology should not be confused with neuropathy, which refers to disorders of the nerves themselves (usually in the peripheral nervous system). The work of the neuropathologists consists largely of examining biopsy tissue from the brain and spinal cord to aid in diagnosis of disease. The biopsy is usually requested after a mass is detected by radiologic imaging, the imaging in turn driven by presenting signs and symptoms of a patient.

Gastrointestinal infections are the most frequently encountered infections in primary care caused by virus, bacteria, and parasites. The gastrointestinal infections include gastroenteritis or the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and the small intestine. Gastrointestinal infections are caused by a large number of microorganisms like Adenovirus, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, Salmonella etc. All the age groups are affected by the gastrointestinal infections. The gastrointestinal infection management is done by rehydration, antiemetic medications, antibiotics, anti-motility agents etc. Born out of increasing awareness of subspecialty gastrointestinal pathology services, increased marketing efforts by gastrointestinal pathology companies and increased patient awareness of laboratory errors, there is an increasing trend toward referral of tissue specimens to surgical pathologists with special interest in gastrointestinal pathology.

Dermatopathology is a joint subspecialty of dermatology and pathology and to a lesser extent of surgical pathology that focuses on the study of cutaneous diseases at a microscopic and molecular level. The dermatological infection is generally defined as the skin infections caused by bacteria fungi and other microorganisms. The infectious disease diagnosis on a molecular level is developing notably over the past decade. The dermatologic disease diagnosis involves many different new and advanced techniques like transcription-mediated amplification, nucleic-acid sequence based amplification, polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction etc. The operating cost of these techniques is decreasing with time as well as acquiring the approval of U.S. Food and Drug Administration and getting easier and more effective to use. In the future, it has been expected that these techniques will be able to provide the fast and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases in a single clinical visit.

Pediatrics is the field of medicine that deals with the medical care of the infants, children, and adolescents. A child suffering from a persistent disease caused by an infectious agent like bacteria, fungi or parasite is called as pediatric infectious disease. All children deserve high-quality medical care. It is crucial to be aware of the treatment guideline of pediatrics so that every child gets the right treatment. There are many prevention ways to protect children from infective diseases.

The acquired immunity to infectious diseases is expressed by a primarily humoral or a cellular mechanism or more frequently by the combination of two. The living or dead vaccines are used in our body for stimulating the acquired immunity. The many different types of immunizations are developed for the resistance against infectious diseases. The innate immune system recognizes the infections by retrieving the information either from long-term, short-term or working memory and matching it with the information from stimuli to activate adaptive immunity. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.

The urinary tract infections are the infections that influence the parts of the urinary tract. The most common causative agent of urinary tract infections is Escherichia coli, whereas other bacteria may rarely be the cause. The bacteria which cause urinary tract infections generally enter into the bladder through the urethra. However, the infection may also occur via blood or lymph. The increased immunity of urinary pathogens to quinolones has been reported worldwide and might be the effect of overuse and misuse of quinolones. It is important to differentiate between the sexually transmitted disease and sexually transmitted infections. The STDs are the medical infections that are transmitted through sexual contact. But people, who got infected, don’t always encounter any symptoms or develop their infection into a disease. That’s what the term “STI” is. Approximately all the STIs spread through the contact with infected body fluids such as blood, vaginal fluid or semen. Some bacterial STDs like Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea etc. can be controlled but not cured and if anyone gets the viral STD like HIV/AIDS, Genital herpes etc. they are always going to have it.

It is the diagnosis of diseases in food-producing animals, companion animals, zoo animals, and wildlife. Veterinary medicine is usually carried out with or without professional administration. The professional care is generally performed by Veterinary physicians. The veterinary pathologists also play a key role in the drug discovery and safety as well as scientific research. The veterinary pathologists are eligible to be appointed on many different positions which include the pharmaceutical industry, medical teaching, research, and diagnostic pathology.

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population. The concerned areas of epidemiological study involve disease causation, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, occupational epidemiology, screening, bio-monitoring etc. Epidemiologists employ a range of study designs from the observational to experimental and generally characterized as descriptive, analytic and experimental. In experimental studies, the epidemiologist is the one in control of all the factors entering in a certain case study. Any disease is caused by a chain or web consisting of many component causes. The cause can be differentiated as necessary, sufficient or probabilistic conditions, if a necessary condition can be identified and controlled, the harmful outcome can be avoided.